The brand new brother repaired effects establish 65% of your own adaptation for the knowledge contained in this try
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
Within try you will find 676 siblings, regarding just who 302 were ple (as they are from a household where a minumum of one girl is hitched very early) have fathers that have rather straight down academic attainment, may become Muslim, consequently they are more likely to live-in outlying parts
Whenever we discuss the brand new extent to which province and you will town fixed effects bring variations in social and financial drawback by investigating its capacity to identify adaptation inside the informative attainment, we find the town repaired effects explain over 31% from the version, much more than the step 3% said because of the state repaired consequences. A good many variation is however within communities.
I basic introduce estimations you to definitely control to have province*time-revolution FE right after which community*time-trend FE. We upcoming wade one step subsequent because of the to present performance in which i imagine cousin repaired consequences designs where in actuality the coefficients are estimated off evaluations of siblings, certainly one of who got hitched very early as well as the almost every other exactly who did not. It investigations control for everyone household members features, one another observable and you can unobservable Ta en titt pГҐ nettstedet, experienced from the siblings age.g., loved ones records. It although not cuts down on the latest shot. These answers are therefore best read to be applicable to property off so much more traditional and lower socio-financial home. Footnote ten
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.